 | Term | Definition |
| |
plasmogamy |
fusion of plasmas |
| |
karyogamy |
fusion of nuclei |
| |
haplo-diploid |
alteration of generations |
| |
sporophyte |
spore-bearing plant |
| |
gametophyte |
gamete-bearing plant |
| |
bryophyte |
a moss, liverwort, or hornwort (do not have true roots) |
| |
higher plant |
tracheophyte |
| |
lower plant |
non-vascular plant |
| |
archegonium |
the female gametangium |
| |
sporangium |
a capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop |
| |
chemo-autotroph |
an autotroph that makes energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds |
| |
photo-autotroph |
an autotroph that makes energy from light |
| |
hyphae |
filaments of fungi responsible for absorbing nutrients |
| |
mycelium |
the main body of the fungus which consists of many hyphae |
| |
mycorrhizae |
mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi |
| |
ectomycorrhizae |
mycorrhizae in which the mycelium grows in extracellular spaces |
| |
arbuscular mycorrhizae |
mycorrhizae in which the hyphae branch inside the cell walls |
| |
mycota |
an alternative name for the kingdom of fungi |
| |
chytridiomycota |
ubiquitous fungi that parasitize amphibians |
| |
zygomycota |
mold family with no cross-walls in hyphae |
| |
glomeromycota |
nearly all form arbuscular mycorrhizae |
| |
ascomycota |
produce spores in sacs |
| |
basidiomycota |
club fungus such as mushroom |
| |
deuteromycota |
asexual fungus |
| |
oomycota |
water molds closely related to kelp |
| |
antheridium |
the male gametangium |
| |
lichen |
a symbiotic association between a fungus and an alga |
| |
soredium |
a cluster of hyphae with embedded algae |
| |
seaweed |
multicellular algae |
| |
plankton |
unicellular algae |
| |
endosymbiotic theory |
explains how plastids were formerly prokaryotes that were "eaten" by larger cells |
| |
secondary symbiosis |
results in four membranes in the cell |
| |
blue-green algae |
cyanobacteria |
| |
dinoflagellates |
unicellular algae that have flagella, form red tides, produce toxins, and glow. |
| |
euglenoids |
best known flagellated unicellular algae in high school |
| |
diatoms |
unicellular algae that have silica shells that contain CaCO3 |
| |
golden algae |
unicellular algae that contain caretenoid pigments |
| |
brown algae |
related to diatoms that are common on temperate coasts |
| |
red algae |
evolved in deep oceans |
| |
green algae |
have structures similar to land plants |
| |
pteridophytes |
seedless vascular plants such as ferns, horsetails, and whiskferns |
| |
homospory |
one kind of spore is produced, typically resulting in a bisexual gametophyte |
| |
heterospory |
two kinds of spores are made, resulting in unisexual gametophytes distinguished as mega- and micro- |
| |
gymnosperms |
heterosporous "naked seed" plants; conifers, ginkgo, gnetophytes, cycads |
| |
megasporangiate strobilus |
female cone |
| |
microsporangiate strobilus |
male cone |
| |
ovule |
megasporangium and contents surrounded by integument |
| |
micropyle |
a hole in the integument |
| |
angiosperms |
flowering plants |
| |
sepals |
modified leaves that protect the bud; make up the calyx |
| |
petals |
modified leaves that attract pollinators; make up the corolla |
| |
stamens |
modified microsporophylls that produce pollen; make up the androecium |
| |
carpels |
modified megasporophylls that produce and contain the ovules; make up the gynoecium |
| |
anther |
where pollen is produced on a flower |
| |
stigma |
sticky landing pad for pollen |
| |
inflorescence |
collection of flowers clustered together |
| |
endosperm |
provides nutrition for the embryo |
| |
epidermis |
outermost layer of cells |
| |
cuticle |
waxy coating |
| |
stomata |
bordered by guard cells; function for gas exchange |
| |
tracheids |
elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants (dead at maturity) |
| |
cortex |
"stuff" external to vascular cambium |
| |
xylem |
made of lignin; transports water and dissolved nutrients unidirectionally |
| |
phloem |
transports sugars in both directions |
| |
pith |
"stuff" in the vascular stele |
| |
auxin |
induces growth on dark side; apical dominance |
| |
cytokinins |
promote cell division; promote lateral bud outgrowth |
| |
gibberelins |
stem elongation, fruit growth |
| |
brassinosteroids |
similar to auxin |
| |
abscisic acid |
seed dormancy; closes stomata |
| |
ethylene |
leaf abscission; fruit ripening |
| |
leaf abscission |
loss of leaves |
| |
differential sensitivity |
explains contrasting effects of a single hormone due to its concentration |
| |
isomorphic alteration of generations |
when the sporophyte looks like the gametophyte of a plant |
| |
tapetum |
a nutritive tissue in the sporangium |
| |
pericycle |
layer just inside the endodermis where lateral meristems arise |
| |
endodermis |
functions as a barrier to certain dissolved nutrients |
| |
apoplast |
pathway in the area between cells |
| |
symplast |
pathway inside of the cell membrane |
| |
plasmodesma |
small channels through cell walls of plants |
| |
casparian strip |
a band of suberin around endodermal cells; prevents water and nutrients in apoplast from entering the vascular tissue |
| |
macronutrients |
nutrients required in large amounts |
| |
micronutrients |
nutrients required in small amounts |
| |
passive transport |
ex. diffusion and osmosis |
| |
active transport |
transport requiring energy |
| |
bulk flow |
long distance movement of fluid explained by transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism |
| |
turgid |
swollen; solute concentration is higher inside the cell than outside |
| |
plasmolyzed |
shrunken; solute concentration is higher outside the cell wall |
| |
cavitation |
when air bubble forms in the xylem; "when roses cry" |
| |
turgor pressure |
Ψp = + |
| |
xylem tension |
Ψp = - |
| |
phloem transport |
driven by "push" |
| |
blue-light receptors |
=> phototropism, stomate opening, slowing of elongation of hypocotyl |
| |
phytochromes |
=> seed germination, shade avoidance, biological clock |
| |
photoperiodism |
physiological response to relative length of night and day (flowers) |
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