 | Term | Definition |
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accute (definition) |
of short duration and relatively severe course |
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central (definition) |
occuring within bone |
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chemotaxis (definition) |
the directed movement of white blood cells to the area of injury by chemical mediators |
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chronic (definition) |
persisting over a long period of time |
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emigration (definition) |
the passing of white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of the microcirculation into the injured tissue |
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erythema (definition) |
redness of the skin or mucosa |
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exudate (definition) |
inflammatory fluid formed as a reaction to injury of tissues and blood vessels |
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facitial injuries (definition) |
self-induced by habits |
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fever (definition) |
an elevation of body temperature to greater than normal of 98.6 F (37 C) |
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hyperemia (definition) |
an excess of blood in a body part |
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hyperplasia (definition) |
an enlargement of tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the number of normal cells |
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hypertrophy (definition) |
an enlargement of tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the size of cells |
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iddeopathic (definition) |
no determinable cause |
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leukocytosis (definition) |
a temporary increase in the number of white blood cells circulating in the blood |
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local (definition) |
confined to a limited part, not general or systemic |
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lymphadenopathy (definition) |
any disease process that affects lymph nodes such as that they become enlarged and palpable |
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margination (definition) |
a process during inflammation in ehich white blood cells tend to move to the blood vessel wall |
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microcirculation (definition) |
small blood vessels- arterioles, capillaries, and venules, all of which can be affected by local changes due to inflammation |
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necrotic (definition) |
the pathologic death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ resulting from irreversible damage |
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pavementing (definition) |
adherence of white blood cells to the walls of blood vessel during inflammation |
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peripheral (definition) |
located away from the center- indicates the location of a lesion is in the soft tissue surrounding a bone |
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phagocytosis (definition) |
a process of ingestion and digestion by cells |
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purulent (definition) |
containg or forming pus |
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repair (definition) |
the restoration of damaged or diseased tissues |
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serous (definition) |
having a watery consistency - relating to serum |
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systemic (definition) |
pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole |
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wheal (definition) |
an edematous papule or plaque that results from acute extravasation of serum into the upper dermis, generally are pale red and pruritic and of short duration, they often occur in allergic individuals |
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4 injurious agents in the tissue |
neutralize, destroy, isolate, and remove |
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Signs of Accute Inflammation |
minimal and brief injury |
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Signs of Accute Inflammation |
source is removed from the tissue |
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Signs of Accute Inflammation |
characterized by redness, swelling, pain, loss of function. heat |
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Signs of Accute Inflammation |
fever and leukocytosis may or may not occur |
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Signs of Chronic Inflammation |
relatively non painful |
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Signs of Chronic Inflammation |
pale, firm, swollen tissue |
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Signs of Chronic Inflammation |
duration ranging from weeks to years |
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Signs of Chronic Inflammation |
neutrophils, monocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, esinophils, lymphocytes involved |
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Signs of Chronic Inflammation |
poliferation of fibroblasts involved |
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Signs of Chronic Inflammation |
repair takes place at the same time that teh inflammation proceeds, but it cannot be completed until the source of the injury is removed |
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Sequence of events during the inflammatory response |
1. Injury to the tissue, 2. Constriction, 3. Dialation, 4. Exudate, 5. Margination and Pavementing, 6. White Blood cells escape the microcirculation and enter the tissue |
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Injury to the tissue |
Sensory nerve endings of the tissue are stimulated and send a reflex signal to the arterioles of the local area |
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Constriction |
Brief, immediate reflex to the axon response, it is necessary for hemostasis- it limits blood flow for a few seconds |
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Dialation |
increased permeability of the microcirculation- caused by blood vessel injury, chemical mediators, or an opening of the junctions of th eendothelial cells that line the vessels |
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Exudate (Signs of it) |
increased permeability allows blood plasma and proteins to flow into the injured tissues as it, there are two types- serous and purulent |
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Edema (signs of it) |
occurs as exudate escapes into the tissues, increased blood viscosity- because of the loss of plasma fluids |
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Margination and pavementing (signs of it) |
blood flow slows down, red blood cells begin to pile in the middle of the blood vessels, white blood cells are displaced to the vessel walls |
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White blood cells escape the microcirculation and enter the tissue (signs of it) |
also called emigration- increased pressure in tissue because of increased blood flow, opening of endothelial cells that line the blood vessels, increased mobility of white blood cells, white blood cells ingest foriegn substances |
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chemotactic factors |
substances that enhance chemotaxis |
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Neutrophils (in accute inflammation) |
also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte, first cells to emigrate to injured tissue, main function is phagocytosis, survive 2 to 7 days (but considerably less when in cellular phase of inflammation) |
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Monocytes (in accute inflammation) |
circulate in the blood, becomes a macrophage when it enters the tissue, longer lifespan than the neutrophils, capable of phagocytosis |
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lymphocytes |
involved in chronic and accute immune responses |
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plasma cells |
involved in chronic and accute immune responses |
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eosinophils |
involved in chronic and accute immune responses |
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Mast cells (in accute inflammation) |
reside near capillaries and venules in most tissues, when injured they release vasoactive chemicals, initiate the kinin system |
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Histamine |
a wasoactive chemical released by mast cells, causing vasodialation |
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3 inflammation systems in the blood |
kinin system, clotting system, and complement system |
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kinin system (signs of it) |
mediates inflammation |
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kinin system (signs of it) |
increases the dialation of blood vessels at the injury, |
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kinin system (signs of it) |
increases permeability |
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kinin system (signs of it) |
only plays a role in early phases of inflammation |
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kinin system (signs of it) |
activated by substances in plasma and substances in injured tissues |
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clotting system (signs of it) |
flunctions primarily in clotting of blood |
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clotting system (signs of it) |
mediates inflammation |
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clotting system (signs of it) |
causes vasodialation because BY ACTIVATING the kinin system |
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clotting system (signs of it) |
part of the repair process |
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complement system (signs of it) |
production of sequential cascade of plasma proteins that are present in the blood in an inactivated form |
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complement system (signs of it) |
components cause mast cells to release the granules in their cytoplasm that contain histamine |
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complement system (signs of it) |
components cause cytolysis (cell death) by creating holes in the cells membrane |
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complement system (signs of it) |
form chemotactic factors for white blood cells and enhance phagocytosis |
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3 Systemic manifestations of inflammation |
fever, leukocytosis, lymphadenopathy |
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Fever (signs of it) |
body temp over 98.6 F, is regulated by the hypothalamic center of the brain, white blood cells produce pyrogens which act on the brain to increase temperature |
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pyrogens |
a fever producing substance, produced by white blood cells, helps combat infections by raising body temperature so high that pathogenic microorganisms cannot tolerate it |
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Normal amount of white blood cells |
4,000-10,000 |
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an increase in the number of white blood cells |
10,000-30,000 |
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Leukocytosis (function) |
it is an attempt by the body to increase phagocytosis (usually of neutrophils) |
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Lymphadenopathy (superficial lymph nodes) |
enlarged and palpable lymph nodes, along the lymphatic drainage route, feels firmer and larger than normal |
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Lymphocyte (white blood cell that matures in lymphoid tissue) |
an enlarged lymph node results from changes in the lymphocyte- hyperplasia, hypertrophy, |
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A distinctive form of chronic inflammation |
granulomatous Inflammation |
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granulomatous inflammation |
formation of granulomas (microscopic groupings of macrophages), surrounded by lymphocytes and occasional plasma cells, TB is a good example |
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Chronic Inflammation (examples) |
Granulomatous Inflammation, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy |
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Chronic Hyperplasia Intraorally |
increase in the number of cells, surface epithelial cells are lost because of irratation or abrasion, increased division of basal cells, new epithelium is whiter and thicker |
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Chronic Hyperplasia Intraorally of Fibrous Connective tissue |
usually occurs in oral cavity, frequently termed desmoplasia (a growth of collagenous tissues can result from it), other examples include calluses and hyperkeratosis in the oral mucosa |
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