 | Term | Definition |
| |
Oxidation |
A loss of electrons from a chemical reaction |
| |
Reduction |
A gain of electrons from a chemical reaction |
| |
Acid |
Proton Donor |
| |
Base |
Proton Acceptor |
| |
pH |
A measure of H in a solution |
| |
Carbohydrate Functions |
Energy storage, framework for nucleic acids, structure, and cell-cell interactions |
| |
Monosaccharides |
They are the simplest form of sugar and are building blocks for di and polysaccharides |
| |
Polysaccharide Functions |
Energy storage and structure |
| |
Important Polysaccharides |
Glycogen, starch, dextran, and cellulose |
| |
Beta Linkages |
Form straight chains for structural purposes |
| |
Alpha Linkages |
Favor bent structures for storage purposes |
| |
LEO is a GERman |
Loses electrons= oxidized, gains electrons=reduced |
| |
Buffer |
Weak acid-base pairs that maintain pH at equilibrium |
| |
Carbohydrate Structure |
Pentoses or Hexoses |
| |
Classes of Lipids |
Long chain fatty acids, steroids, and eicostanoids |
| |
Lipid Properties |
Very hydrophobic |
| |
Lipid Roles in the body |
Energy storage, structure, and hormones |
| |
Essential Fatty Acids |
Fatty acids your body needs but can't make (omega-3, omega-6, and cis-fatty acids |
| |
Triglycerides |
Three fatty acid chains connected to glycerol that are used for energy storage (most concentrated form of energy in the body) |
| |
Phospholipids |
Amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic), lipid bilayer, and is a major component of membranes) |
| |
Structural Proteins |
Keratins, collagens, and cytoskeleton |
| |
Globular Proteins |
Enzymes, hormones, transport, and everything else |
| |
Amino Acid Structure |
Around a central carbon and the side chain determines the amino acid |
| |
Protein Primary Structure |
The sequence |
| |
Protein Secondary Structure |
Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, Collagen Triple Helix |
| |
Protein Tertiary Structure |
3D folding structure |
| |
Protein Quaternary Structure |
Packing polypeptide subunits together to make a finished unit |
| |
Active Site |
A pocket that the substrate fits into to undergo a chemical reaction |
| |
Nucleic Acid Structure |
Pentose Sugar, Phosphates, and a Base (G, C, A, T) |
| |
Nucleic Acid Roles |
Storage of genetic information, messenger, and energy for chemical reactions |
| |
Transcription |
DNA copies its sequence onto RNA using a polymerase protein |
| |
Translation |
RNA binds to the ribosome complex and an amino acid is formed based on the sequence |
| |
Cytology |
The study of cell structure |
| |
Cell Physiology |
The study of cell function |
| |
The cell is made up of what three parts? |
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus (not all cells have all three) |
| |
Plasma Membrane |
A barrier surrounding the cell |
| |
Fluid Mosaic Structure |
Proteins in a lipid bilayer |
| |
Lipid Bilayer |
Framework of polar heads and nonpolar fatty acid tails (heads are hydrophilic and stick out towards water. Tails are hydrophilic and stick in towards the middle) |
| |
Cholesterol |
Stabilizes membrane and reduces membrane fluidity |
| |
Integral Proteins |
Can be transmembrane which go through or peripheral which are only on one side |
| |
Functions of Proteins |
Channels, Transporters, Receptors, Enzymes, Cell-Identity Markers, and Linkers |
| |
Membrane Selective Permeability |
The membrane chooses what to let in and what to keep out |
| |
Lipid Bilayer Permeability |
Permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules |
| |
Endocytosis |
Material moves into the cell (The cell eats and drinks) |
| |
Exocytosis |
Material is secreted out of the cell (Bowel movement) |
| |
Phagocytosis |
Ingestion of particles (eating) |
| |
Pinocytosis |
Ingestion of fluid (drinking) |
| |
Cytosol |
Intracellular fluid that contains inclusions and dissolved salts |
| |
Cytoskeleton |
Framework for the cell that consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| |
Microfilaments |
Composed of actin and form the core of microvilli |
| |
Intermediate filaments |
Anchors organelles and are called tonofilaments of desmosomes |
| |
Microtubules |
Composed of tubulin, forms the spindle aparatus, and form the core of cilia and flagella |
| |
Centrioles |
Formed at right angles and are in a 9+0 arrangement: 9 triplets that don't surround anything |
| |
Centrosome |
Area of a cell containing centrioles |
| |
Cilia |
Core of microtubules called the axoneme: 9+2 arrangement: 9 doublets surrounding one doublet |
| |
Flagella |
Propel entire cell like spermatozoa |
| |
Ribosome |
Synthesized in nucleolis and synthesize proteins |
| |
Polyribosome |
A cluster of ribosomes that function in synthesis of intrinsic proteins |
| |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Continuous with nuclear membrane and studded with polyribosomes and synthesizes extrinsic proteins. |
| |
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
No ribosomes and function in lipid metabolism, steroid synthesis, drug detoxification, calcium uptake, and membrane formation |
| |
Golgi Complex |
C-shaped stack of cisternae and vescicles which transport proteins via secretory vescicles |
| |
Golgi Cis-Face |
Convex, immature, forming face |
| |
Golgi Trans-Face |
Concave, matureing face |
| |
Peroxisomes |
Catalase oxidizes hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen |
| |
Mitochondria |
Powerhouse of the cell surrounded by a double membrane |
| |
Mitochondria DNA |
only have maternal mitochondria |
| |
Nuclear Pores |
Channels in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of material in and out |
| |
Protein Synthesis |
Uses transcription and translation |
| |
Messenger RNA |
Directs the synthesis of a protein |
| |
Ribosomal RNA |
Joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes |
| |
Transfer RNA |
Holds Amino Acid in place until it's part of a protein |
| |
Interphase |
Cell replicates DNA |
| |
G1 Phase |
Organelles duplicated and centrosomes replication begins |
| |
S Phase |
DNA replication occurs |
| |
G2 Phase |
Centrosome Replication completed |
| |
G0 Phase |
Cells never divide again or stay in G1 for a long time |
| |
Mitotic Phase |
Cell division occurs |
| |
Mitosis |
Somatic/Body Cells: resulting cells are diploid |
| |
Meiosis |
Games: resulting cells are haploid |
| |
Apoptosis |
Genetically programmed cell death |
| |
Necrosis |
Cell death because of defect |
| |
IPMAT |
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace