 | Term | Definition |
| |
motivation |
the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior |
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instinct theories |
the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming |
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drive theories |
the vew that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs |
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homeostasis |
the idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium |
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drive |
a need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis |
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incentive theories |
the vew that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards |
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arousal theory |
the view that people are motivated to maintain a certain level of arousal that is optimal=neither too high nor to low |
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sensation seeking |
the degree to which an individual is motivated to experiece high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities |
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humanistic theories of motivation |
the view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize thier personal potential |
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glucose |
simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar |
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insulin |
hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior |
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basal metabolic rate |
when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration |
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adipose tissue |
body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy |
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energy homeostasis |
the long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure |
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ghrelin |
hormone manufactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland |
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positive incentive value |
in eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; in general, the expection of pleasure or satisfaction in perfomring a particular behavior |
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satiation |
in eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and dimished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied |
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cck (cholecystokinin) |
hormone secreted primarily by the small inestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain |
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sensory specific satiety |
the reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food |
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leptin |
hormone produced by fat cells that signals the ypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior |
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neuropeptide Y |
neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain |
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set point theory |
theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body wieght, called the set point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism |
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settling point models of weight regulation |
general model of wight regualtion suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure |
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body mass index |
a numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight; calculated as seven hundred and three multiplied by weight in pounds divided by height in inches |
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obese |
condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30 |
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cafeteria diet effect |
the tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available |
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hierarchy of needs |
Maslow's hierarchial division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to pschological needs to self-fulfillment needs |
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self-actualization |
defined by Maslow as a persons full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities |
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self-determination theory |
edward deci and richard ryan's theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied |
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intrinsic motivation |
the desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challengeing; the desire to do something for its own sake |
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extrinsic motivation |
external factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations |
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competence motivation |
the desire to drect one's behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation |
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achievement motivation |
the desire to direct one's behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task |
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Thematic apperception test |
a projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleauges that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways |
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emotion |
a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive resonse |
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emotional intelligence |
the capacit to understand and manage our own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respons appropriately to the emotional responses of others |
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basic emotions |
the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionaryily determined, and culturally universal |
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interpersonal engagement |
Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to whichemotions involve a relationship with another person or other people |
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amygdala |
alomd shaped cluster of neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear |
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brain fingerprinting |
technique to detect lies or deception, which uses and EEG to analyze brain waves; determines whether a stimulus is faimiliar or unfamiliar |
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display rules |
social and cultural regualtions governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions |
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anthropomorphism |
the attribution of human traits, motves, emotions, or behaviors to non uman animals or inanimate objects |
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James-Lange theory of emotion |
the theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes |
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facial feedback hypothesis |
the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion |
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two-factor theory of emotion |
Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal |
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cognitive-mediational theory of emotion |
Lazarus's theory that emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of a situation's effect on personal well-being |
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self-efficacy |
the degree to which a person is conviced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation |
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