 | Term | Definition |
| |
cognition |
mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
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memory |
Elizabeth Loftus-"When recalled BLANK are reconstructed from a few highlights using info that may ot may not of been correct," ability to store and retrieve information |
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sensory memory |
small storehouse, immediate, brief recording of sensory info in the memory system |
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working (short-term) memory |
storehouse, concious active processing of incoming info retrieved from long term memory storehouse, deals w/ new and old info, George Miller says person can remember 7 + or - 2 things |
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long-term memory |
storehouse, relatively limitless abd permanent storehouse of memories |
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encoding |
getting info into our brain |
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storage |
effortful precesses, retaining info |
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retrieval |
effortful processes, getting info out of storage |
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rehearsal |
effortful processes, concious repitition of info, maintains info in conciousness, encode it into storage |
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overlearning |
effortful processes, learn everyday=easier to remember |
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spacing effect |
effortful processes, the tendency of distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than what is achieved through study (cramming) |
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serial position effect |
effortful processes, tendency to have better recall for items in specific positions on a list |
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primary effect |
effortful processespart of serial position effect, remember beginning of list |
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recency effect |
effortful processespart of serial position effect, remember end of list |
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shallow |
level of processing, "look like" |
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intermediate |
level of processing, "sound like" |
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deep |
level of processing, "the meaning", result in longer lasting memories |
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flashbulb memory |
clear memory of emotionally significant moment/event, are succeptable to error (OJ Simpson trial) |
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cognative psychology |
the study of mental activities or thought processes related to attention, learning, intelligence, problem solving, decision making, language, and memory |
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encoding, storage, retrieval |
three necessary processes involved in memory |
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attention |
effortful process that influences encoding, focus, awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events, inc BLANK inc encoding(next in line effect), rehearsal, spacing effect, serial positioning, level of processing |
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dual coding theory |
effortful processes, semantic and visual encoding |
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long-term potentiation |
the biological basis for memory (LTP) requires electircal activity, synapses change so that those two neurons will fire together, or the inc of firing after a brief rapid electrical stimulation |
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explicit memory |
one of the two types of memories, things you are conciously aware of factual information (ex: what you had for breakfast) |
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implicit memory |
one of the two types of memories, memories you form without thinging about it (ex: how to tie your shoes), |
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explicit memory |
in the hippocampus |
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implicit memory |
in the cerebellum |
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interference |
sleep helps avoid this, when learning/ or remember something new interferes with retrieving old memories bc of forgetting |
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imagination inflation |
effect on accuracy of memory, the incr likelyhood that someone will remember something imagined as having occurred, playes important role in eye witness testimony |
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repression |
type of motivated forgetting, process if forcing traumatic/stressful/anxiety producing experiences from memory, coined by Freud, its a defense mechanism |
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elaboration |
linking stimulus to other information, helps encode information better into memory, part of effortful processes |
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effects of long-term stress on memory |
chronic damages dec ability to remember |
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effects of short term stress on memory |
inc accuracy and ability to retrieve memories |
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retrieval failure |
cant remember something in long-term memory at the time |
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mnemonic devices |
memory aids (Loci--relate things to surroundings, acronyms, chunking--chunk info that goes together into a unit, hierarchies--outlines) |
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sources of forgetting |
encoding failure--never forming the memory to begin w/, storage decay--memory starts to weaken, retrieval failure, repression |
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conclusions regarding repression |
most memories are remembered, some are repressed, if recovered by drugs or hypnosis the memory could be inaccurate, b4 age of 3= unbelievable, its upsetting for victim |
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recall |
retrieve info from long-term memory(fill in the blank questions) |
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recognition |
put info infront of you-you say which is right (mult. choice questions) |
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relearning |
when someone learns something then forgets it then relearns it..it takes less time to relearn |
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