 | Term | Definition |
| |
Everything in the universe, living and nonliving, is made up of ______. |
atoms |
| |
T/F: Water is an element. |
F |
| |
An atom of hydrogen is part of the ______ hydrogen. |
element |
| |
Atoms join together to make up _____. |
molecules |
| |
What is the most common element in the human body? |
Oxygen |
| |
Process in which bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are formed. |
Chemical reaction |
| |
All of the chemical reactions inside a cell take place in _____. |
water |
| |
_______ is found between the bonds of atoms. |
energy |
| |
When chemical reactions take place, ____ is released. |
energy |
| |
What are the four main types of large molecules? |
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
| |
Name the large molecule: subunit is sugars, used for energy and structure, can be broken down to give energy, made of atoms of CHO, can be linked together to form complex ones like starch, cellulose, and glycogen` |
carbohydrates |
| |
Name the large molecule: fats, oils, and waxes, made up of CHO, used for energy and making structures, made up of glycerol and fatty acids, do not dissolve in water, have more energy than carbs |
lipids |
| |
T/F: Lipids do not dissolve in water. |
t |
| |
Lipids are made up of the molecule ____ bonded to long chains of ____ _____. |
glycerol fatty acids |
| |
Which has more energy, lipids or carbohydrates? |
lipids |
| |
What kind of large molecule is starch? |
Complex carbohydrate |
| |
Name the large molecule: subunit is amino acids, contains CHON(S), control chemical reactions, support growth and repair of cells, allows us to move, fight infections, part of cell membranes, transportation |
proteins |
| |
Proteins are made up of (name the elements) |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur |
| |
There are ____ different kinds of amino acids |
20 |
| |
Enzymes are a kind of ______. |
protein |
| |
Name some examples of food that has a lot of protein. |
meat, eggs, cheese, beans, fish, nuts |
| |
Name some examples of what proteins do. |
control chemical reactions, are a part of membranes, support growth and repair of cells, allows us to move, fight infections, delivers oxygen, transportation |
| |
Carbohydrates are made up of (name the elements) |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| |
Lipids are made up of (name the elements) |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| |
Glycogen is an example of a ___ ______ |
complex carbohydrate |
| |
Name the large molecule: hold instructions for cells to devlop and grow. |
nucleic acids |
| |
What are the subunits of nucleic acids? |
nucleotides |
| |
The subunits of lipids are |
glycerol and fatty acids |
| |
The subunits of carbohydrates are |
sugars |
| |
The subunits of proteins are |
amino acids |
| |
Name some examples of nucleic acids |
DNA, RNA |
| |
What elements make up nucleic acids? |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus |
| |
______ store and translate the genetic information a cell needs |
nucleic acids |
| |
Some foods that contain a great deal of nucleic acids are: |
seasonings, vegetables, oysters, mushrooms |
| |
_____ makes up about 70% of cells |
water |
| |
_____ molecules have regions of positive charge and regions of negative charge |
polar |
| |
What is an example of a polar molecule? |
Water |
| |
A cell membrane is made up of a double layer of _____ |
lipids |
| |
Lipids dissolve in water, true or false? |
false |
| |
Hydrogen atoms have a _____ charge, and oxygen atoms have a ____ charge |
positive negative |
| |
Many materials tend to _____ in water because their polar molecules interact with the water molecules and moves the atoms around. |
dissolve |
| |
Energy stores in bonds between atoms of every molecules |
chemical energy |
| |
major sugar molecule that many cells use |
glucose |
| |
What are the starting materials of photsynthesis? |
Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy |
| |
What are the products of photosynthesis? |
Glucose, oxygen |
| |
Plants release oxygen into the air as a product during ________ |
photosynthesis |
| |
Photosynthesis takes place in _______ |
chloroplasts |
| |
_______ , a pigment, captures sunlight |
chlorophyll |
| |
Glucose and other sugars are cell _____ |
food |
| |
What are the differences between cellular respiration and fermentation? |
fermentation doesn't need oxygen, fermentation takes place in cytoplasm, fermentation releases less energy |
| |
Cellular respiration takes place in ______ |
mitochondria |
| |
Fermentation takes place in ______ |
cytoplasm |
| |
Starting materials of cellular respiration: |
glucose, oxygen |
| |
Products of cellular respiration: |
chemical energy, water, carbon dioxide |
| |
Before cellular respiration occurs, the glucose molecule has to be _______, which releases ____` |
split into two energy |
| |
Describe the process of cellular respiration |
glucose is split into two, which releases energy. the glucose travels into the mitochondria, and continues to be broken down as oxygen enters the cell. finally, hydrogen is released in a way that allows cells to capture energy in a usable form. the hydrogen combines with the oxygen to make water. |
| |
The glucose molecules that photosynthesis creates make _______, which the plant stores |
starch |
| |
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a _____. |
cycle |
| |
The process in which cells release energy without oxygen |
fermentation |
| |
What are the two types of fermentation |
alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation |
| |
alcoholic fermentation produces _____ and _______ |
alcohol carbon dioxide |
| |
Lactic acid fermentation produces _____ |
lactic acid |
| |
Describe how bread is made using yeast. |
Yeast is added to flour, milk, and sugar. Yeast runs out of oxygen and uses alcoholic fermentation, which releases carbon dioxide and alcohol. The alcohol evaporates, and the carbon dioxide causes the bread to rise. |
| |
Bread making uses what type of fermentation? |
alcoholic |
| |
Sourdough bread using ___ fermentation, because it gives it a sour flavor |
lactic acid |
| |
When we run out of stored energy and oxygen, our muscles use ________ to get energy. |
lactic acid fermentation |
| |
We breathe heavily after exercise because |
our muscles are getting back the oxygen they lost |
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