 | Term | Definition |
| |
Cognition |
Processes of the mind |
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Cognitive psychologist |
look at logical & illogical ways we can create concepts |
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Concepts |
(mental categories) mental groupings of similar objects |
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Prototype |
catergorized mental images |
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Closer to prototype |
catergorized items shifted into memory |
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Catergories of concepts |
organize concepts by definition and by hiarchy |
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Decision making |
process of considering alternatives and choosing among them |
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Elimination by aspects |
ranked alternatives according to criteria |
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Heuristics |
simple thinking strategies (mental shorcuts) risky |
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Representative heuristic |
judging things that seem to represent, or match particular prototypes |
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Availability heuristic |
likelihood of events based on availability of memory (what comes to mind first is what we choose) |
| |
Recognition heuristic |
decision making stops when a factor moves toward one decision ( choosing someone for political office because they have a womans name) |
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Framing |
the way words are presented to you |
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Alogorithm (problem solving) |
step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution |
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Insight |
realization of the solution to a problem |
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Analogy heuristic (heuristics for problem solving) |
comparing a problem to others |
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Working backwards |
start with a solution and work backwards through a problem |
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Means-end analysis |
current position is compared to desired goal, steps are taken to close the gap between them |
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Confirmation bias (obstacles to problem solving) |
search for information that confirms one's perceptions |
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Fixation |
the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective |
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Mental set |
an approach to a particular way because it was successful in the past |
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Functional fixedness |
think of things in terms of their usual functions |
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Language |
meaningful ways that we combine spoken, written, or signed words to communicate |
| |
Infinite generativity |
we communicate an infinite number of ideas using symbols |
| |
How many rule systems are in language |
5 |
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Phonology |
sound system (whole sound) |
| |
Phonemes |
smallest bit (unit) of sound |
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Morphology |
units of meaning |
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Morpheme |
smallest units of meaning |
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Sentax |
combining words into phrases and sentences |
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Semantics |
actual meaning behind words and sentences |
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Pragmatics |
use of language in different context |
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Skinner (theory of language) |
we learn language through oprant conditioning |
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Association |
sights of things with words |
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Imatation |
model words and syntax used by others |
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Reinforcement |
rewarding when something is said correctly |
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Chomsky ( theory of language) |
our brains are prewired to learn language (environment just shapes which we learn0 |
| |
Cognitive Scientists (theory of language) |
there is a critical period for mastering language |
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Intelligence |
ability to understand complex ideas |
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G-factor |
general intelligence |
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Linguistic intelligence |
the use of language as an aid to thinking and communication |
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Logical-mathematical intelligence |
abiltiy to think logically and solve mathematical problems |
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Spatial intelligence |
ability to use images that represent spatial relations (will your bed fit into your room) |
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Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence |
learn and execute physical movements |
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Musical intelligence |
sensitivity to and understanding of pitch,rhythm, and other aspects of music |
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Interpersonal intelligence |
ability to communicate and engage in effective social relationships with others |
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Intrapersonal intelligence |
ability to understand ones self |
| |
Naturalistic intelligence |
ability to indentify patterns in nature and to determine how individual beings or objects fit into them |
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What is Thurston's (7) primary mental abilitites |
verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, reasoning |
| |
What is Sternberg's three types of triarchic theory |
Componential intelligence, experimental intelligence, contextual intelligence |
| |
Componential intelligence |
mental abilities related to conventional IQ - more analytical intelligence |
| |
Experiential intelligence |
creative thinking and problem solving |
| |
Contextual intelligence |
practical intelligence "street smarts" |
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