| Term | Definition |
|
excommunication |
a severe ecclesiastical penalty which excludes the offender from taking part in the Eucharist or other sacraments |
|
simony |
the payment of money to be appointed to a church office |
|
conclave |
became the process to elect a new pope, last one in 2005 |
|
Gregorian reforms |
instituted so many reforms addressing major problems in the church |
|
feudalism |
a social form of interlocking relationships based on the use of land in payment for military services |
|
lay investiture |
was the practice of lay persons ( like kings) appointing bishops, priests, abbots, and abbesses |
|
mendicant |
religious communities whose members live among the people and rely on the charity of others or work the lowest paying job available |
|
the east and west schism |
the official separation of the eastern (orthodox) church from the western church in 1054 AD |
|
concordat of worms |
the pope would have the power to choose the abbots and bishops investing them with spiritual power. the emperor would invest them with their temporal power |
|
serf |
one who worked the land in feudal system and was bound to the will of landowners |
|
stigmata |
visible wounds on the body similar to those of Jesus on the cross |
|
icon |
a highly stylized painting venerated in Eastern Christianity |
|
idolatry |
worship of false gods or an image of God |
|
pope Nicholas I |
declared the pope the leader of the church and the emperor the protector |