 | Term | Definition |
| |
altruism |
Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward |
| |
corporal punishment |
Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior. |
| |
discipline |
Methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior. |
| |
emotional maltreatment |
Action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. |
| |
gender constancy |
Awareness that one will always be male or female. Also calledsex-category constancy. |
| |
gender identity |
Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female. |
| |
gender roles |
Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex |
| |
gender stereotypes |
Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior. |
| |
gender-typing |
Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles. |
| |
identification |
In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex. |
| |
neglect |
Failure to meet a dependent's basic needs. |
| |
prosocial behavior |
Any voluntary behavior intended to help others. |
| |
psychological aggression |
Verbal attacks on a child by a parent that may result in psychological harm. |
| |
self-definition |
Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself. |
| |
self-esteem |
The judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth. |
| |
sexual abuse |
Physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity, or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person. |
| |
bilingual |
Fluent in two languages. |
| |
class inclusion |
Understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts. |
| |
creativity |
Ability to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems and find novel solutions. |
| |
cultural bias |
Tendency of intelligence tests to include items calling for knowledge or skills more familiar or meaningful to some cultural groups than to others. |
| |
decoding |
Process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory. |
| |
deductive reasoning |
Type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class. |
| |
dyslexia |
Developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age. |
| |
English-immersion |
Approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English. |
| |
horizontal décalage |
Piaget's term for inability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types, which causes a child to master different types of conservation tasks at different ages. |
| |
inductive reasoning |
Type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class. |
| |
learning disabilities (LDs) |
Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement. |
| |
mental retardation |
Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning. |
| |
metamemory |
Understanding of processes of memory. |
| |
mnemonic strategies |
Techniques to aid memory. |
| |
pragmatics |
(1) Set of linguistic rules that govern the use of language for communication. (2) The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes. |
| |
self-fulfilling prophecy |
A prediction that, by being voiced, causes itself to come true |
| |
seriation |
Ability to order items along a dimension. |
| |
social capital |
Family and community resources on which a person can draw. |
| |
social promotion |
Policy of automatically promoting children even if they do not meet academic standards. |
| |
transitive inference |
Understanding of the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object. |
| |
two-way (dual-language) learning |
Approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non- English speakers learn together in their own and each other's languages. |
| |
bullying |
Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless. |
| |
childhood depression |
Mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide. |
| |
conduct disorder (CD) |
Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others. |
| |
coping |
Adaptive thinking or behavior aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions. |
| |
coregulation |
Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment selfregulation. |
| |
generalized anxiety disorder |
Anxiety not focused on any single target. |
| |
hostile aggression |
Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person. |
| |
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors. |
| |
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) |
Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance. |
| |
prejudice |
Unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups. |
| |
representational systems |
In neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self. |
| |
school phobia |
Unrealistic fear of going to school |
| |
separation anxiety disorder |
Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached. |
| |
social phobia |
Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations. |
| |
stress |
an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal that people experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their well-being |
| |
stressors |
Perceived environmental demands that may produce stress. |
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